Task-oriented Learning in Head and Neck Anatomy Using Virtual, Formalin-preserved, Soft-embalmed, and Plastinated Cadavers

Abstract

Background and Objective. The COVID 19 pandemic has changed the way the human anatomy is taught. A necessary shift towards online instruction, combined with a decrease in cadaver donation has resulted in the need for maximizing formalinized, soft-embalmed, computerized, and plastinated cadaver specimens. Task-oriented activities allow students to demonstrate acquired knowledge and skills. It is the aim of this study to get the perspective of students in the utilization of available laboratory materials.

Methods. One hundred forty-three students participated in task-oriented activities. Students demonstrated anatomy of the facial nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and phrenic nerve by parotidectomy, thyroidectomy, and posterior neck dissection using formalinized cadaver and VH dissector™. Deep neck and sagittal structures in the plastinated specimen were identified using laser pointers. Ossicular mobility of the middle ear, and endoscopy of the nose and larynx were demonstrated using the soft embalmed cadaver. Students were surveyed on their perceptions on the
utility of each cadaver specimen.

Results. Formalinized and soft-embalmed cadaver were observed to present the most accurate anatomy, while the virtual dissector and plastinated specimens were seen to be the most sustainable and reusable.

Conclusion. Task-oriented learning in head and neck anatomy may use different cadaveric materials with varied accuracy and utility.