Obesogenic Characteristics of Primary Schools in an Urban Philippine Municipality: A Descriptive Study

Abstract

Background. With childhood overweight and obesity becoming widespread in the Philippines, there is an increased risk of developing non-communicable diseases at a younger age. The school environment, found to be associated with body mass index, offers an avenue to address and prevent school-aged obesity. However, the lack of data on the current school environment poses a barrier to improving these conditions.

Objective. This study aimed to describe the physical, political, and sociocultural environment characteristics of primary schools in the Municipality of Pateros (Philippines) that affect nutrition and physical activity of school-aged children. 

Methods. Self-administered questionnaires for key school personnel and observational checklists were used to examine available resources, policies, and current practices for obesity prevention in five public schools in a municipality. The role perceptions of all school personnel on childhood obesity prevention were also gathered. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the number and categories of food items, functional spaces and equipment for physical activity, policies and scores of attitude toward obesity prevention. Data were collected in May to June 2019 and were analyzed descriptively. 

Results. Majority of the schools serve food items that contain high amounts of saturated fat, sugar, or salt, provide excess calories, and are not recommended to be sold at school canteens based on guidelines by the Department of Education. While all schools have areas and functional equipment for physical activity, students have limited access to these. Policies and guidelines for nutrition were present but sparse for physical activity and obesity prevention. Positive attitude towards childhood obesity prevention was seen across all school personnel respondents.

Conclusion. Participant primary schools are eager to address childhood obesity, however, the physical, political, and sociocultural environments do not seem to enable this. This situation may promote, rather than prevent, overweight and obesity among school children. This points to the need of reorientation and implementation of policies on obesity prevention to the schools as well as developing the skills of both teaching and non-teaching personnel in healthy eating and physical activity to students. School-based healthcare workers like school nurses and doctors would have critical roles in supporting schools in this regard.