Job-related Factors Associated with Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary Government Hospital in Metro Manila during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background and Objectives. Ensuring the total well-being of healthcare workers (HCWs), including their mental health and psychological well-being, is an essential aspect in the delivery of patient care and the preservation of the health workforce. This study aimed to determine the level of mental well-being and emotional state of HCWs in terms of depression, anxiety, and stress using the DASS-21 scale in a tertiary government hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines and to identify the job-related factors that may be associated with these outcomes.

Methods. This is an analytical, cross-sectional study among HCWs involved in direct patient care in a tertiary
government hospital in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data collection was conducted from February to March 2022 through an online self-administered questionnaire, which included the Demand-Control-Support Questionnaire (DCSQ), and the 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). This was sent to doctors, nurses, and allied medical workers actively working in the clinical areas. All responses were collected and analyzed.

Results. Three hundred sixty-four healthcare workers were included in the study. Majority were single (62.62%),
living with immediate family (50.82%), and working in a COVID-designated area (62.09%). High prevalence of
depression (49.18%), anxiety (61.54%), and stress (30.22%) was found among the HCWs. Work in high infection/
COVID-designated areas was significantly associated with anxiety and stress, and high-job demand was significantly associated with all three mental health states compared to low job-demand.

Conclusion. Focus should be placed on modifying the condition of high job demand among healthcare workers
working in hospitals. This includes ensuring optimum staffing levels and patient to HCW ratio which avoids HCWs from being subjected to high workloads and time pressures that subsequently increase risk for stress, anxiety, and depression.