Incidence and Associated Risk Factors of Hypertension among Apparently Healthy Adult Filipinos in the LIFECARE Philippine Cohort Study

Authors

  • Elmer Jasper B. Llanes, MD Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Manila Doctors Hospital, Manila, Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3127-7056
  • Olivia T. Sison, MSPH, ScM Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0929-3052
  • Felix Eduardo R. Punzalan, MD, MSc Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Manila Doctors Hospital, Manila, Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3315-3161
  • Jose Eduardo DL Duya, MD Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Angeles University Foundation Medical Center, Pampanga, Philippines https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3147-5979
  • Nina T. Castillo-Carandang, MA, MSc, PhD Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-1801
  • Wilbert Allan G. Gumatay, MD Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Manila Doctors Hospital, Manila, Philippines https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3908-1108
  • Paulette D. Nacpil-Dominguez, MD Section of Endocrinology, Cardinal Santos Medical Center, Manila, Philippines https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6809-1047
  • Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit, MD, MPH Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0341-3623
  • Rody G. Sy, MD Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Manila Doctors Hospital, Manila, Philippines https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9637-3973

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.vi0.11167

Keywords:

hypertension, incidence, LIFECARE Philippines, Filipino

Abstract

Objective. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of hypertension and determine the risk factors for hypertension among apparently healthy adult Filipinos.

Methods. This observational prospective community-based study included apparently healthy adult individuals aged 20–50 years from the Life Course Study in Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology (LIFECARE) Philippine cohort at baseline and followed-up after an average of four years. Sociodemographic data, psychosocial stress, and clinical and metabolic profiles were obtained and analyzed. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with the development of hypertension.

Results. A total of 2,089 non-hypertensive participants were included, with 59% women and average age of 35 years (SD = 8.4). The incidence rate of hypertension was 38.1 per 1,000 person-years. The cumulative incidence of hypertension over a mean follow-up time of four years was 15.4% (95% CI = 13.9–17.0%). The risk of incident hypertension was higher among males (aHR=1.3, 95% CI: 1.0–1.8; p=0.044), ?40 years old (aHR=3.9, 95% CI: 2.6–5.8; p<0.001), family history of hypertension (aHR=1.4, 95% CI: 1.1–1.7; p=0.007), abdominal obesity (aHR=1.4, 95% CI: 1.0–2.0; p=0.027), baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) of at least 130 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of at least 80 mm Hg (aHR=5.1, 95% CI: 3.8–6.8; p<0.001).

Conclusion. The 4-year incidence rate of hypertension among apparently healthy adult Filipinos is high. Increased age, male sex, family history of hypertension, abdominal obesity, and high normal blood pressure were significantly associated with the development of hypertension.

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Published

2024-12-09

Issue

Early Access 2024

Section

Articles

How to Cite

1.
Incidence and Associated Risk Factors of Hypertension among Apparently Healthy Adult Filipinos in the LIFECARE Philippine Cohort Study. Acta Med Philipp [Internet]. 2024 Dec. 9 [cited 2025 Apr. 13];. Available from: https://actamedicaphilippina.upm.edu.ph/index.php/acta/article/view/11167

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